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The features of two unequal solitary waves during an interaction were experimentally investigated by optical and particle-tracer methods. The temporal surface displacements were measured using two wave gauges to estimate the temporal colliding-wave profiles and phase shift during the head-on collision. In addition, the spatial surface profiles were analyzed by combining particle mask correlation (PMC) with an image-thresholding method that detects the air–water interface as a set of locally extreme luminance values. The experimental surface displacement of the colliding wave was compared with the corresponding shape of a third-order perturbation approximation. Under careful examination of the time sequence, the colliding wave was phase-shifted only after two waves met each other in the crest. Applying a particle image velocimetry (PIV) method, the kinetic features of right-running, left-running, and colliding waves were measured in head-on collisions, and these of short er, taller, and compound waves in rear-end collisions. The PIV technique accurately measured the water velocity spatially induced by the nonlinear solitary wave interactions. The paths of the water particles were also successfully tracked by this method. Finally, to understand the effects of the interactions, the dynamic pressure was measured by tiny pressure transducers placed at horizontal locations throughout the water depth. During a head-on collision, the dynamic pressure distribution can be estimated as a quasilinear superposition of the pressures induced by the right- and left-running waves. In contrast, during a rear-end collision, the dynamic pressure of the colliding waves tends to equalize or annul the wave pressure while the taller wave trails behind, catches up with, and moves ahead of the shorter wave. In this way, we can infer the structure of the residual from the pressure measurements.

This talk is part of the Isaac Newton Institute Seminar Series series.

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