Abstract

This ethnographic study investigates the ethnolinguistic vitality of Hemshin, an endangered language spoken in Turkey’s Black Sea region. Adopting a comprehensive approach, the research aims to identify the key factors influencing language vitality by proposing a seven-factor vitality model tailored specifically to the Hemshin context. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 160 participants, participant observation, and a field diary, and were analyzed using a multiphase content analysis method. The findings indicate that the Hemshin language exhibits low vitality in both speech and heritage communities. Among the most critical factors undermining language vitality in speech communities are the erosion of traditional Hemshin lifestyle and cultural practices, perceptions of the Hemshin language by others, and the absence of institutional support. Despite low vitality, a strong sense of heritage identity persists in both community types. Notably, heritage communities have developed a distinct identity shaped in relation to the Laz and the people of Rize.