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Comprehensive synaptic neural wiring diagrams (one form of connectome) of the central nervous system are becoming available for many model organisms. Here, we focus on the connectome of an adult fruit fly. We first introduce several datasets presented in Dorkenwald et al. (2024) and Schlegel et al. (2024). We then present a study by Pospisil et al. (2024), The fly connectome reveals a path to the effectome. This paper presents a new experimental and statistical framework based on instrumental variables, that combines whole-brain connectomic data with optogenetic perturbations to infer the effectome – a causal model of how neurons in the fly brain influence one another.